Despite the announcement (and then extension) of a ceasefire agreement, Israeli attacks on Lebanon have continued unabated and Israeli forces continue to expand their occupation in southern Lebanon, as well as widening the range of Lebanese towns impacted by forced displacement orders, aggravating the rate of displacement across the country.
The number of people killed by Israeli attacks has continued to rise, with at least 380 individuals reportedly killed in less than a month since the onset of the ceasefire1. The total number of people killed since early March alone has reached 3,711, including 247 children and 132 health sector workers, whereas the number of people injured has reached 11,483, including 983 children and 393 health sector workers.
This is not the first case where Israel has been reported to have breached a ceasefire agreement, with similar patterns documented across the region, particularly in Gaza and previously in Lebanon after the 2024 ceasefire agreement.
However, it’s important to note that violations are not limited to military operations and occupation, but extended to a range of other activities as well, including but not limited surveillance-related activity, inflammatory rhetoric, and other actions that undermine civilian protection and prospects for a sustained end to hostilities.
This policy paper lists some of the ongoing hostilities that need to stop, be it because they represent direct harm to Lebanon’s population or because they represent some of the drivers of why cycles of violence continue to take place. Addressing these hostilities is a necessary component of ensuring agreements to end hostilities are sustainable and well-respected. The paper draws on Oxfam programmatic and security data from Oxfam, desk research, and two expert interviews: one with digital rights organization SMEX to analyze violations related to surveillance and digital platforms, and the other with Embrace, a mental health organization in Lebanon to assess the impact of the continuation of current hostilities on the general Lebanese public.