This paper argues that private finance blending should be used with caution in rural development until donors can demonstrate the merits of blending using evidence-based results, in particular the added value of blending for development impact.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in education are increasing in profile as countries grapple with serious challenges of educational access and quality. This study seeks to understand the impact of the PPP initiative in Punjab province, Pakistan, on key dimensions of equity, education quality, and democratic and social accountability.

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) will require significant financing. This discussion paper provides initial ideas for how to do this by proposing a set of principles to assist governments to apply best practice.